How Effective Are Condoms Against HIV?

Research consistently shows condoms substantially reduce HIV transmission risk, with studies estimating somewhere in the range of 70-90%+ risk reduction with consistent, correct use, depending on the specific study and type of exposure. This isn't 100%, partly because "consistent and correct use" doesn't describe every real-world instance (breakage, slippage, or inconsistent use all reduce real-world effectiveness below the ideal-use numbers), and partly because no barrier method offers absolute protection.

Using a new condom for each sexual encounter, checking the expiration date, using adequate water- or silicone-based lubricant (oil-based products degrade latex), and putting it on before any genital contact rather than partway through all measurably improve real-world effectiveness. For people at higher ongoing HIV risk, combining condom use with PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) — a daily medication that further reduces risk — is increasingly a standard recommendation, worth discussing with a doctor based on individual circumstances.